Abstract and Introduction
Abstract
External fixation is a powerful tool in the armamentarium of the active orthopaedic surgeon. The upper extremity, however, poses unique challenges in the techniques of external fixation because of the smaller soft-tissue envelope and the proximity of neurovascular structures, which may be entrapped in fracture fragments or traversing in line with pin trajectories. This review article summarizes the indications, techniques, clinical outcomes, and complications of external fixation of the upper extremity in the setting of proximal humerus, humeral shaft, distal humerus, elbow, forearm, and distal radius fractures.
Introduction
The upper extremity plays a role in the performance of activities of daily living, and restoration of function after injury markedly affects patient outcomes. Fractures of the upper extremity are common injuries and have been cited to have an annual incidence of approximately 67.6 fractures per 10,000 persons.[1] Epidemiologic data have shown that distal radius and ulna fractures comprise most upper extremity fractures, followed by hand fractures and proximal humerus fractures.[1] It is important and useful for practicing orthopaedic surgeons to have a working knowledge of techniques of external fixation of the upper extremity in their armamentarium when treating acute injuries and improving patient outcomes.
J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2023;31(16):860-870. © 2023 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
